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Crime hotspots
Crime hotspots are areas on a map that have high crime intensity. They are developed for researchers and analysts to examine geographic areas in relation to crime. Researchers and theorists examine the occurrence of hotspots in certain areas and why they happen, and analysts examine the techniques used to perform the research (Ratcliffe, 2004) 〔 Developing maps that contain hotspots are becoming a critical and influential tool for policing; they help develop knowledge and understanding of different areas in a city and possibly why crime occurs there.
Crime theories can be a useful guide for researchers and analyst, in regard to analyzing crime hotspots. There are many theories of crime that explain why crime occurs in certain places and why crime does not in others. Place theories look at crime at specific places, which can also be viewed as “points on a map.” (Eck, Chainey, Cameron, and Wilson, 2005: p. 10) 〔Eck, J and Chainey, S and Cameron, J and Wilson, R (2005), (Mapping crime: Understanding hotspots. National Institute of Justice: Washington DC. )〕 Another crime theory used in regard to crime hotspots is neighborhood theories. These theories view crime at a larger level, and in a larger viewing area. When viewing these types of areas, statistical information is typically used to determine hotspots. A widely used theory to explain crime is crime pattern theory. Crime pattern theory explains that crime is not random. Crime hotspots can help aid in determining spatial-temporal patterns. This theory allows making generalized statements about area hotspots, and hotspot areas can be predicted using crime pattern theory (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1999).〔Brantingham, P., & Brantingham, P. (1999). Theoretical model of crime hot spot generation. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 8, 7–26.〕 When creating hotspots, theories that can help explain their occurrence should be evaluated to determine underlying causes.
Crime hotspots can be created using many different methods. Depending on what type of analysis needed, different methods should be employed. Two different methods to create hotspots are STAC (Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Crime) and nearest neighbor. Samuel Bates created STAC in the early 1990s. He created a tool that was designed to create a hotspot that contained a high area density of crime in a form of circle on a map (Block, 1995).〔 Clark and Evans examined spatial arrangements of points, creating the foundation of nearest neighbor. Clark and Evans created this method to study populations of plants and animals, but the method later was adapted to study crime patterns (Clark and Evans, 1954).〔Clark, P. J., and F. C. Evans. (1954). (Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations ). Ecology 35, 445–53.〕
==Key concepts and critical developments==
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